This article, therefore, explores how MNEs can develop media strategies to navigate geopolitical tensions arising from conflicts between their home and host countries. Therefore, it is important for MNEs to consider their media engagement and media strategies under geopolitical tensions. Because periods of geopolitical tension (e.g., the Tech Cold War) resemble wartime to some extent, the media’s role cannot be ignored in this context. This article explores how MNEs can develop media strategies to navigate geopolitical challenges and presents actionable insights for MNEs to communicate with nonmarket stakeholders.

Over time, the Iranian government has realigned its propaganda efforts to meet evolving foreign policy goals. This was testament to just how far Iran’s digital influence efforts have evolved in the past decade—and how they might develop in the years ahead. All told, Citizen Lab counted one hundred and thirty-five articles, seventy-two domains, eleven social media personas, and one hundred and sixty persona-authored stories that composed the operation.95Ibid. A significant portion of Iran-attributed Twitter activity has sought to drive social media users to this underground propaganda network.

Media in category “Smoke deployment in World War I”

A similar point of view has been given by , while contradicting views are given in where it is stated that social media can influence political outcomes significantly. Reference states that the effect of social media on geopolitics is limited, and it simply serves as one tool among many as a force for political change. It is observed that a lack of accountability from social media outlets can make the political use of social media out of control , which further supports the claim in references 30, 34 that social media influence by politicians has a negative impact.

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Indeed, the US media has played the role of both sense-maker and sense-giver, framing TikTok as a potential espionage tool. Conversely, the Chinese media portrayed the US actions as an attempt to stifle competition and maintain technological casino1 hegemony. In authoritarian regimes, the news media is often part of the state apparatus and propagates the state’s interests. Scholars recommended that MNEs should pay more attention to legitimacy-granting actors beyond governments (Stevens, Xie, & Peng, 2016). For example, during the Tech Cold War, media coverage often framed Chinese tech companies like Huawei as potential threats to national security, creating legitimacy challenges for these firms in Western markets (Li & Sun, 2020; Zhang, Xu, & Robson, 2023).

• TikTok rose to prominence in 2019 and, by early 2020, it was the most downloaded app globally (Williams, 2020), surpassing 2 billion downloads in the Google Play and App Store combined (Moshin, 2020).
• The study states that social media has the potential to act in political development, while it has already done so.
• Consequently, the link between information supplied by the media and information demanded by society weakens and media analysis provides a distorted view on issue salience.
• China’s economic growth destabilises a world order that centres upon US hegemony.
• The study states that politicians have the power to influence individuals on social media by adopting certain strategies that compliment populism .

If full employment is desired, a federally funded, locally administered Job Guarantee (JG) can eliminate involuntary unemployment while creating useful public goods and establishing a non-inflationary wage anchor. Instead of the blunt, regressive instrument of tariffs, MMT illuminates a toolkit better suited to achieving genuine national economic goals. A trade deficit merely indicates foreigners’ desire to hold the issuer’s financial assets; attempting to force this balance via tariffs generates domestic inflation and risks dangerous financial instability, while ignoring the real issues of domestic production and investment which can be addressed through targeted fiscal policy. The true constraints on government spending are real resources – available labor, materials, energy, ecological capacity (Planetary Boundaries) – and the potential for inflation if spending outstrips the economy’s productive capacity. A government like the US, The Truth Seeker alternative news article which issues its own free-floating currency, faces no intrinsic financial constraint on its spending.

Reference states that, in general, there is a negative link between social media and economic growth. It is observed that political personalities of different nations often exchange words on social media platforms, especially Twitter . Inappropriate use of social media, such as careless exchange of content might hurt public sentiments or affect deals. Therefore, it is required for political entities to be fairly responsible on social media since they are bound to influence a large number of people. A lot of famous political personalities have made social media accounts to gain an advantage through good publicity .

Its toxicity is caused mainly by the content of strongly acidic hydrochloric acid, but also due to thermal effects of reaction of zinc chloride with water. The smoke also contains traces of organic chlorinated compounds, phosgene, carbon monoxide, and chlorine. The smoke consists of zinc chloride, zinc oxychlorides, and hydrochloric acid, which absorb the moisture in the air. The most common mixture for generating these is a zinc chloride smoke mixture (HC), consisting of hexachloroethane, grained aluminium and zinc oxide. Zinc chloride smoke is grey-white and consists of tiny particles of zinc chloride.

The Atlantic Council’s Digital Forensic Research Lab (DFRLab) has operationalized the study of disinformation by exposing falsehoods and fake news, documenting human rights abuses, and building digital resilience worldwide. Iranians are concerned they may soon lose access to the global internet as authorities race to bolster local infrastructures. With names like “Free Iran,” the pages shared glitzy infographics that highlighted Iran’s high levels of drug addiction or its historic massacre of political prisoners. Where Russian sockpuppets may infiltrate either side of a political debate—and often both sides at once—Iranian proxies are fairly consistent in their positions.

This involves building a diversified communication team, fostering interdepartmental collaboration, and potentially partnering with public/government relations agencies to navigate adverse IB environments. In such cases, MNEs can adopt a low-profile approach, avoiding public statements and focusing on behind-the-scenes diplomacy or direct engagement with government officials. For instance, in authoritarian regimes where the media is tightly controlled by the state, media engagement may risk aligning the MNE with one side of a political conflict, exacerbating tensions. Although global media engagement is often necessary, sometimes a non-engagement strategy may be appropriate.